Cultural Diary - Week 11

I have chosen to look at Adidas which is one of the top famous shoe, clothing and Apparel Company. Adidas also is the second largest budget for sponsorships among sports gear companies and therefore to study the strategy of Adidas can help to understand how they affect the consumer culture.

By tying its products to successful Adidas uses celebrities in it adverts to create an image and impression that the shoes or the clothes play a role in the success of the sportsperson. Thus they are creating a way of connection between the consumer and the celebrity which is sometime very risky for the reputation of the company because if the sportsperson or celebrity makes a mistake in any field, it directly harms the reputation of company as well.

The good reputation of Adidas and other famous sports companies among consumers can also pass a positive message to consumers which can help to refine their culture.

For example:

“Nike aims to change the negative perception of hoodies, which it admits are identified with criminal behaviour and young louts.”

“England soccer star Rio Ferdinand has been enlisted by Nike in an advertising campaign aimed at changing the negative image of hoodies.”

Reference link: http://www.clickliverpool.com/culture/culture/122188-can-nike-change-the-image-of-the-hoodie-in-liverpool.html

Olympic Games is an event which has an strong impact on many culture and Adidas and other sport companies play important roles to sponsor these events and also to show themselves as part of consumer culture.

Famous celebrities plays important role to promote these companies for example David Beckham. 

In the link below David Beckham shows off his new Adidas shoes at a store in Milan which whose that fandom is also paying important role to expand consumer culture.

http://www.zimbio.com/photos/David+Beckham/David+Beckham+Presenting+New+Shoe+Adidas+Store/zVJzhrpuc-D

Reading Response to "The Consumer Society and Advertising" by Paul Long and Tim Wall

The key points that I have found in the readings are:

“The history of consumption and advertising are intimately and perhaps innately tied together.”

“The industrial revolution brought with it a drive to consume and thus challenged all of thus previously necessary virtues.”

“Many ecenomists argue that consumers are rational and purchase products on the basis of functional decision making to further their own interests (miller, 1995).”

“Consumption is, in this case, a stage in the process of communication, that is, an act of deciphering, decoding, which presupposes practical or explicit mastery of a cipher or code.(Bourdieu, 1984: 2).”

“Baudrillard argues that mass media and, of course, advertising in Particular have greatly enhanced and generalised what he calls a process of ‘simulation’. “

“In consumer society, advertising agencies thus represent expertise in reading trends, fashions, signs and other codes.”

“Brands are much more than product identifiers, then: they are a way of being.”

“Bauman observes that the avid, never ending search for new and improved recipes for lives is also a variety of shopping.”

“Advertising can be thought as a form of communication designed to generate awareness of products, services and organisations.”

“Marketing refers to the process of identifying consumer needs and thus producing products and services.”

“Public relations (PR) refer to the management of communication between organisations and publics.”

“Culture jamming is the disturbance of the cultural logic of branding.”

“Culture jamming intends to throw a spanner into circuits of culture and what its practitioners believe to be the predominance of advertising and corporate culture in defining that we are what we purchase and the identities that are created and sold to us by advertisers.”

Reading Response to "Understanding Celebrity Culture" by Su Holmes and Sean Redmond

The key points that I have found in the readings are:

“Adulation, identification and emulation are key motifs in the study of celebrity culture. The desire for fame, stardom, or celebrification stems from a need to be wanted in a society where being famous appears t offer enormous material, economic, social and pshysic rewards (gamson, 1994; rojek, 2001; turner, 2004).”

“Nick couldry (2000, 2003) argues that, in the modern world, being famous gives one access to a social space that sits at the centre of meaning generation and belonging.”

“According to Kobena mercer, ‘in political terms, identities are in crisis because traditional structures of membership and belonging inscribed in relations of class, party and nation-state have been called into question’ (1994: 4).”

“Fandom is often a creative enterprise, involving the production of artwork, fiction and dedicated websites.”

“The body of the star or celebrity is key to this search for the ‘truth’ about the star or celebrity.”

“The body of the star or celebrity either functions to reproduce dominant culture’s patriarchal, racial and heterosexual gaze, or it allows transgressive, oppositional and queer feelings and fantasies to emerge.”

“Braudy argues that we ‘live in a society bound together by the talk of fame’ (1986: 1).”

“Framing celebrity is a text which is capitalizing on the popular, as well as the academic, interest in contemporary celebrity.”

“Dyer famously argued for the analyses of stars in the realm of representation and ideology. Stars could b understood as ‘signs’- read as ‘texts’ and ‘images’ – and investigated using the tools of semiotics (barker, 2003: 6).”

“Couldry argues that the media constructs and maintains a symbolic hierarchy between media/ordinary worlds, in which the media is presented as the privileged “frame” through which we access the reality that matters to us as social beings’ (2004: 58).”

“The term celebrity has various uses in academia. It can function to indicate how the media contexts of fame are now less specific, with individual celebrities rarely restricted to a single media form (Bonner, 2005: 65).”

My Cultural Diary - Week 9

Identify a celebrity to investigate

Arnold Schwarzenegger

- What is the image of your chosen celebrity?

He is an Austrian-born American former professional bodybuilder, actor, model, businessman and politician. He went to win Mr. Universe award at age of 20 and Mr. Olympia contest a total of seven times. He is worldwide better known as a Hollywood action film icon and as well as a major sports icon.  Some of his top films are Conan the Barbarian, The Terminator, Commando and Predator.

Reference link

- What do they represent?

He made a new international audience for bodybuilding and gym memberships worldwide swelled by the tens of thousands inspired by him as he proved himself a major sports icon. Reference link

- What is the narrative of your chosen celebrity?

 The key narratives that I have found for my chosen celebrity are that:

 “The amazing story of uber-star Arnold Schwarzenegger is a true "rags to riches" story of the penniless immigrant making it in the land of opportunity, the United States of America.” Reference link

- What attitudes/ideologies are exposed here? (gender, class etc)

“With an almost unpronounceable surname and a thick Austrian accent, who would have ever believed that a brash, quick talking bodybuilder from a small European village would become one of Hollywood's biggest stars, marry into the prestigious Kennedy family, amass a fortune via shrewd investments and one day be the Governor of California!” Reference link

Reading Response to "Fan Cultures Between ‘Knowledge’ and ‘Justification’, Fan Cultures" by Matt Hills

The Focus on this reading is the ethnographies of fandom and the author is trying to differentiate between knowledge and justification explosion in fan studies and also explains that how these are accepted as cultural facts by ethnographers.

The key point that I have found for this answer are:

“Fan justifications are accepted as cultural facts by ethnographers rather than being subjected to further analysis.”

“Work on fandom has formed a key part of the move towards valorizing active audiences, and this use of the fan has resulted in an extremely partial and limited examination of fan practices.”

“Fan- ethnography has typically been limited by its view of the real as matter of discourse and articulation, or by its one- sided accounts of fandom either as a social coping mechanism [bacon-smith 1992] or a valuable ‘interpretive community’ [Jenkins 1992; Amesley 1989]”

“Autoethnography aims to create a partial ‘inventory’ of the ‘infinity of traces’ deposited within the self by cultural and historical processes.”

“Autoethnography also displaces the problems of assuming that the ‘real’ is always primarily discursive.”

“Autoethnography is contracted to psychoanalytic and ideological approaches, since there are viewed as approaches where theory is imposed on experience.”

My Cultural Diary - Week 7

I have chosen to look at Liverpool to see how the city is represented.

I have chosen to look at website www.liv.ac.uk and how Liverpool is represented in timely research undertaken by The University of Liverpool.  Reference Link 

The University of Liverpool discovered the fact about its home city through an original study. Through their research they argue that Liverpool “a century ago Liverpool was regarded as the ‘second city’ of the British empire’ – though subsequently it gained a reputation for militant politics in the face of economic adversity.” They also state that “Liverpool is proud to be European Capital of Culture 2008.” Reference Link 

 The city’s changing fortunes and multi-faceted identity make it an interesting case study – as does the fact that it was first captured on film in 1897 – just two years after ‘moving pictures’ were first shown in public. Since the footage was shot for the pioneering Lumière Brothers, it was faithfully preserved – offering the potential to investigate how Liverpool’s form and identity have been portrayed in moving images over the course of a century.

 Reference Link 

The research also states that Liverpool was first captured on film in 1897. The research further notes that “The footage was shot for the pioneering Lumière Brothers, it was faithfully preserved – offering the potential to investigate how Liverpool’s form and identity have been portrayed in moving images over the course of a century.” Reference Link 

Some more facts that are described in the research about Liverpool states that “Liverpool had achieved the world’s first fully enclosed wet dock system, creating 140 acres of docks and 10 miles of quay space – and the world’s first elevated electric railway, a mass transit system which ran all along the waterfront.” Reference Link 

I think that this representation of Liverpool is very original. Almost all cities in the UK are of high importance because of their history but the fact the each city has got its own reputation increases its importance to study each city in the UK in details. I love Football and the Football clubs in the UK are my favorites. Liverpool Football Club is most winning club of the 20th century and one of the most successful clubs in the history of English football. This fact made me to think to select Liverpool as a research that how media texts represent the cities.

Reading Response to "Postmodernism and 'The Other Side' " by Dick Hebdige

This reading looks at Potsmodernism and Hebdige talks about the word Postmodernism and what it’s supposed to refer to for example he notes that postmodernism can be referred to as the 'buzzword', because it has so many distinctions and at some points Hebdige refers to Jean-François lyotard tendencies.

“Jean-François lyotard (1986a) has recently used the the postmodernism to refer to 3 separate tendencies: (i) a trend within architecture away from the modern movement’s project ‘of a last rebuilding of the whole space occupied by humanity’, (ii) a decay in confidence in the idea of progress and modernization (‘there is a sort of sorrow in the zeitgeist’) and (iii) a recognition that it is no longer appropriate to employ the metaphor of the ‘avant-grade’.

The other key points that I have found in the readings are:

“The degree of semantic complexity and overload surrounding the term ‘postmodernism’ at the moment signals that a significant number of people with conflicting interests and opinions feel that there is something sufficiently important at stake here to be worth struggling and arguing over.”

“If the unity, the boundaries and the timing of modernism itself remains a contentious issue,, then postmodernism seems to defy any kind of critical consensus.”

 “ ‘Critical’ alternative (the one favoured by foster) postmodernism is defined as a positive critical advance which fractures through negation (i) the petrified hegemony of an earlier corpus of ‘radical aesthetic’ strategies and proscriptions, and/ or (ii) the pre-Freudian unitary subject which formed the hub of the ‘progressive’ wheel of modernization.”

    

Cultural Diary - Week 8

This week’s online lecture describes different areas of fandom and at the very first part it states the difference between Pathologised Fandom and Idealised Fandom.
Accoeding to lecture pathologised fandom is a common sense discourse around fandom while idealized fandom is the counter to pathologised fandom and is also known as oppositional discourse.

The examples of pathologised fandom are the geeky male fan, violent male football fan and screaming girls.
The lecture also describes the difference between cult fans and mainstream stream audiences. Cult fans are intentionally seek out of media texts and are less popular because very few people have knowledge about this type of fans.
Mainstream stream fandom is the situation when people are fans of popular media texts.
The example of mainstream stream fandom is twilight fans which is particularly associated with young women. The lecture also describes that there more research is going on this and there is opportunity to do a research on this.
The lecture also says that fan communities give the opportunities and the potential benefits for fans to come in a social and cultural network and discuss their views and share their love for fan object.
Shipping is the fan practice of supporting fictional romantic relationships. In this situation the fans supports fictional romantic relationships between characters who are already romantically involved in the media text.

Reading response - Stuart Hall: Notes on Deconstructing “The Popular”

In this reading the writer Suart Hall express his personal view that he feels difficulty in explaining the terms ‘popular’ as well as ‘culture’ and he explains that by combining the two terms together he difficulties can be appealing unspeakable.

The key points of the readings are:

“Transformations are at the heart of the study of popular culture.”

“Transformation is the key to the long and protracted process of the ‘moralisation’ of the laboring classes, and the ‘demoralisation’ of the poor, and the‘re-education’ of the people. “

The selected period by Suart Hall is 1880s-1920s because he believes that its is one of real test cases for the revived interest in popular culture.

I have looked online to find some articles for the better understanding of the reading and I have found an article in this link:

The key points that I have found important related to the readings are:

“Hall has argued that there is no fixed content to the category 'the people,' that popular culture is the site where 'the people' are constituted, and that popular culture is thereby a site of struggle.”

Suart Hall explained three definitions for the term popular culture. His third divination is that popular culture is about the survival of cultural traditions. The other definitions which include mass consumption and the explanation that popular culture is everything can be related to the third definition

Week 5's Reading. The Mistakes of the past?Visual narratives of urban decline and regeneration. David Parker and Paul Long.

The reading explains the transformation process around Birmingham and also explaining that greatest rebuilding and development programme are playing important role in these process which existing among the towns and cities of Europe.

Visions of the city

This part of the reading explains that visual material like plans, models, newspaper commentary, paintings, photographs, websites are playing important role in showing visions of Birmingham.

The changing city skyline is also explained in the reading and its says that photographers and visual artists plays important role in this matters.

The Key points that I have found under this heading are:

“Successive generations of urban imaginary find architectural realization in cityscapes.”

The image of the city

The key point under this section is the definition of urban imaginary by Edward Soja:

“‘our mental orcognitive mappings of urban reality and the interpretative grids throughwhich we think about, experience, evaluate and decide to act in the places, spaces and communities in which we live’”

Another key point is that:

“The built form of a city is one tangible expression of the social imaginary”

Images of Birmingham

The Key points that I have found under this heading are:

“Birmingham offers a rich example of how the narrative of Britain’s post-war decline was powerfully expressed through visual imagery.”

This part of the reading gives example of the four main landmarks as a result of which Birmingham built an environment of post-war developments. These landmarks are Bull Ring Shopping Center, The Rotunda, the Post Office Tower and the Central Library.

Utopian visions of Birmingham

The Key points of the readings are:

“The early plans for what became post-war Birmingham the sense of hope and ambition is tangible.”

 “There is a confidence in the capacity of organized interventions to reshape space and secure a better future.”

‘The mistakes of the past’

The Key points that I have found under this heading are:

“Birmingham, as the nation’s motor city, became renowned for pushing its pedestrians into underpasses.”

“The design of the city centre reflected organizational rather than human priorities.”

Youthful nostalgia?

“At a crucial moment in Birmingham’s history their work speaks to the ambivalence felt by many local residents as the place they once knew becomes unrecognizable.”

The new image of the city?

The Key points that I have found under this heading is:

“The more strident the dominant narrative of regeneration becomes, the more devalued are the

necessary narratives of negotiation adopted by local residents without the

resources to aspire to the new urban imaginary’s scale of ambition.”

This part of the reading focusing on explaining the modern development of the city and how Birmingham's  regeneration changed as a result of that developments.

Cultural Diary Task (Week 4) Why Does Popular Culture Matter?

The best definition that I have found for the popular culture is that:
“the types of entertainment that most people in a society enjoy, for example films, television programmes, and popular music”
Reference link

Looking on above definition we can say that all the practices of a particular culture for the beneficial and enjoyment purposes are parts of popular culture.

The advance technology development is due to the result of popular culture. There are many examples from TV to film, from film to video game and mobile phone specially iphone etc.
Technology plays one of the most important roles in our popular culture and the most important examples are the one that deal with computers.

And a lot of remediation’s in the field of advance technologies are the result of popular culture as well.
The technology that I want to discuss here is the Video game culture which can be the remediation to film culture. Most of the popular games are now the result of films. Film itself is one aspect of popular culture and we can also say the characters that are in the games are also part of the popular culture.

Due to the outstanding improvement in computers and video games businesses, popular culture becomes more dependent to these advance technologies. Computer and video games played a significance role upon popular culture and they have important impacts in television, popular music, and films.

The example that I have found is the video on youtube which shows how Matrix game relates to the Matrix film. Games can play the role of immediacy where the audience will become the character of the story and feel themselves in a second life. As I used the word second life so there will be important to give example of second life website which is making business due to its effect on popular culture.

Cultural Diary Task (Week 3) Frankfurt School

The News channels are the example of what the Frankfurt School discusses when they talk about cultures all being the same. As I started to look for the examples of media text that are with the same aim and same look, I have found the examples of the News Channels that are around us now a days.

I am just trying what similarities I have understood between the News Channels.

What I have noticed some international and local news channels are targeting their audiences with a similar approach of showing “Breaking News” heading almost all times on their main heading of the news with a big size of fonts and eye catching colors. 

Some of the news channels really have the “Breaking News” but some are just showing the old news and the one that are not of much importance as a “Breaking News”. As they are in a race and because of the competitions they believe that the audience wants to see “Breaking News”.

International channels like BBC have a good reputation because of its original and real “Breaking News” but most of local news channels around the world are using the strategy of having “Breaking News” to win the audience attentions.

Cultural Diary Task (Week 2) ‘Sweetness and Light’

According to Matthew Arnold "Sweetness and Light" is the oout come of good culture and almost every culture struggles for it. According to him "Sweetness and Light" is one of the most importanct aspect of for human perfection.

I have selected Discovery Channel as a media text that offers us ‘sweetness and light’, because of its outstadning effort of providing the best documentary programming focused primarily on popular science, technology, and history.
According to Matthew Arnold "Sweetness and Light" is the perfect mixture of beauty and intelligence.
Discovery Channel is a media text that talks about intelligence and try to show all sceintific facts that are the result of the beautiful tecknologies that are around us.
As I have serached for some positve approch of the channel I have found this statement that
“More recently, Discovery Channel supported an expedition to collect data from the Indian Ocean seafloor to create models that can better predict tsunamis.”
Reference link:  http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/quest/about-quest.html

The news services of Discovery Channel in its website “news.discovery.com” is aslo very effective which shows more sceintific aspects of the news around the globe.

Reading - Williams

The key points that I have found in the readings are:

“Williams (2009) outlines the ‘three general categories inthe definition of culture’ (32). First, there is ‘the “ideal” , in which culture is a state or process of human perfection.”

“Second, there is the ‘documentary’ record: the surviving texts and practices of aculture.”

“Third, ‘there is the “social” definition of culture, in which culture is a description of aparticular way of life’ (ibid.).” (Page 60,61) [1]

“Taken together, the three points embodied in the ‘social’ definition of culture – cultureas a particular way of life, culture as expression of a particular way of life, and culturalanalysis as a method of reconstituting a particular way of life – establish both the gen-eral perspective and the basic procedures of culturalism.”(Page 60) [1]

 “Williams insists on culture as a definition of the ‘lived experience’ of ‘ordinary’ men and women, made in their daily interaction with the texts and practicesof everyday life, that he finally breaks decisively with Leavisism.” (Page 63) [1]

I totally agree with the idea of Williams as he notes that it is very difficult for anyone to read every single piece of literature and he gives the example of 1950s literature. He states that because of this reason it’s impossible to have an entirely accurate account of a culture. This is the reason that we are studying culture to be aware of the fact that culture in its real sence has very deep meanings and also plays important role in our lives.

Reference:

John Storey. Cultural Theory and Popular Culture An Introduction. Available: http://www.scribd.com/doc/49727230/16/Raymond-Williams-%E2%80%98The-analysis-of-culture%E2%80%99

Cultural Diary Task (Week 1) Media Text Belonging to‘My culture’

Creative Review magazine is a media text that I feel belongs specifically to my culture. It is a monthly magazine targeted on the commercial arts and design scene. It was launched in 1980 and is published by Centaur Media.  In general it focuses content on media originating in United Kingdom, Europe, and the United States, showcasing some of the best contemporary advertising, design, illustration, new media, photography, and typography.

I am much inspired by the creative designs of the designer like David Carson, Neville Brody and Jonathan Barnbrook. Infect when I met Jonathan Barnbrook during my HND course I realized that there are a lot of things around us that we can use them as a teacher for us. I am inspired by their creativity, unique style and most of all to do new experiments bravely.

I am extremely involved in studying the art of typography, photography, graphics and illustration and I learned much. I also designed and participated in the design exhibition in London last year.

The website: www.creativereview.co.uk

As a web and new media student I belive that our field is mush more about creativity. Now a days all the tecknical tutorials for our field are available online and there are aslo many examples of creative work but what is epected from us is to be creative in our work.

Creative review for me as a good media text that talks about the creative culture in the field of Graphic desiging.

Creative Review is not limitted to graphic design but aslo include advertising, digital media, illustration, photography and all other fields of visual communication that are in worldwide.

I personally observe that culture always changes as it needs to adopt new changes that are accouring in the world. We are aslo a part of culture and I belive that its better to be creative in terms of changing the culture instead of copying someone else culture and name it our own culture.

F.R Leavis, 1933- Mass Civilisation and Minority Culture

The author F.R Leavis tries to judges what makes culture and how it has changed. The key points that I have found in the readings are:

  

“It is a commonplace today that culture is at a crisis it is a commonplace more widely accepted then understood: at any rate, realisation of what the crisis portends does not seem to be common.”

“The machine, in the first place has brought about change in habit and the circumstances of life at a rate for which we have no parallel.”

“The automobile (to take one instance) has in a few years, radically affected religion, broken up the family, and revolutionized social custom. Change has been so catastrophic that the generations find it hard to adjust themselves to each other, and parents are helpless to deal with their children.”

“In America change has been more rapid and its effects have been intensified by the fusion of peoples.”

“When we consider, for instance, the processes of mass production and standardisation in the from represented by the Press, it becomes obviously of sinister significance that they should be accompanied by a process of leveling-down.”

“The prospects of culture are very dark. There is the lees room for hope in that a standardised civilisation is rapidly enveloping the whole world.”

Theodor W. Adorno, 1941

 

Adorno identifies the difference between popular music and serious music.

The key points that I have found in readings are:

Adorno notes that historical analysis is one possible method that can achieve the clarification that occurs in music production and of the roots of the two main spheres.

“The whole structure of popular music is standardized, even where the attempt is made to circumvent standardization.”

“Popular music is "pre-digested" in a way strongly resembling the fad of "digests" of prmted Material.”

“Standardization of popular music has been considered in structural  terms--that is, as an inherent quality without explicit reference to the process  of production or to the underlying causes for standardization.”

“The attitude of the audiences toward the natural language is  reinforced by standardized production, which institutionalizes desiderata which  originally might have come from the public.”

"The chief difference between  a popular song and a standard, or serious, song like 'Mandalay,' 'Sylvia,' or  'Trees,' is that the melody and the Iyric of a popular number are constructed  within a definite pattern or structural form, whereas the poem, or Iyric, of a  standard number has no structural confinements, and the music is free to  interpret”

I think that the 'serious' music is more strong in terms of its poetry  so rather than saying that classical music is far more cultured and for the upper classes, we can say that its more for can be consumed by people who are serious and anybody can be serious within any class.

        

The key pints that I have found in the reading the article in the link of the website:

The reading is about is an important first step in the consideration of the role of popular music within a society.

“Adorno's belief that classical music was a superior form of human expression”.

According to him most important is the belief that the music industry imposes a high level of standardization on the music it produces.

“
Popular music is standardized to a point that it is “predigested” – the audience has already heard it. Therefore, it requires no intellectual effort to listen to it. It does not challenge the intellect to push itself. The music is simply accepted as is.”

“The “decay” of popular music is attributed to several things, such as its link with the larger culture industry such as the fashion industry”.

“The most important aspect of the article is the discussion of “standardization”.”

“Adorno argues that in a work of art music, “every detail gets is concrete meaning from the total course, and this totality in turn receives it from the living interrelation of details that oppose and continue one another, pass into each other, and recur”.”

“Popular music has its meaning “imposed” by the form itself, imposed from the outside, the social.”

Reference Link:

http://www.grebel.uwaterloo.ca/swood/Readings/Adorno%20Popular%20music.htm

Matthew Arnold, 1869 - Culture and Anarchy

The key points that I have found in the readings are:

The essay discusses the role of culture in the world. Arnold claims that every culture strives for sweetness and light, which is the ideal combination of beauty and intelligence.

“Culture as a great help out of our present difficulties”

“A man’s life of each day depends for its solidity and value on whether he reads during the day and, far more still, on what he reads during it.”

“Culture has one great passion, the passion for sweetness and light”

Arnold claims that every culture strives for sweetness and light, which is the ideal combination of beauty and intelligence.

“The great men of the culture are those who have had a passion for diffusing, for making prevail, for carrying from one end of society to the other, the best knowledge , the best ideas of their times.”

“We have to get a much wanted principle of authority to counteract the tendency top anarchy which seems to be threatening us”

He notes that there are three classes in culture, the barbarians, the philistines and the populace. He defines the upper classes as barbarians, the middle classes as philistines and lower classes as the populace.

According to him the Barbarian likes honours and consideration, Philistine likes fanaticism, business and money making, comfort and tea meetings and the Populace likes bowling, hustling and smashing; the lighter self, beer. He also notes that within each of these classes there are a certain number of aliens.

Although this reading is from 1869, but the fact of dividing the culture in classes still exist. I personally feel that now each of these classes has sub classes. But now the integration of the social media networks in our life helps us to communicate with each other without the worrying about showing our classes.